![]() ![]() 95% of iodine-131 was ingested through milk after the disaster. Although iodine-131 has a short half-life compared to other radioactive isotopes, iodine-131 made its way through the food chain through a milk-to-consumer pathway. Research has shown after the Chernobyl disaster the level of thyroid cancer, particularly in children near the radiation exposure, increased. Every year about, "0.1–2.2 individuals per million of all aged under 15 years old world wide" were affected by thyroid cancer. Ukraine, Belarus and parts of Russia were exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, but prior to the disaster the number of children affected by thyroid cancer was relatively low globally. Again, the majority of the dose was thought to be due to iodine-131. For adults, the dose has been estimated to be between 3 and 180 mSv, while for one-year-old infants, a dose of between mSv has been estimated. The ingestion doses in this same group of people have also been estimated using the cesium activity per unit of area, isotope ratios, an average day of evacuation, intake rate of milk and green vegetables, and what is known about the transfer of radioactivity via plants and animals to humans. The majority of the dose was due to iodine-131 (about 40%) and tellurium and rubidium isotopes (about 20 to 30% for Rb and Te). For those who remained until later (day 10 or later), the inhalation dose was 50 to 70% higher than the dose due to external exposure. For those who left the area soon after the accident, the internal dose due to inhalation was 8 to 13 times higher than the external dose due to gamma/beta emitters. Thyroid doses for adults around the Chernobyl area were estimated to be between mSv, while for one-year-old infants, these estimates were higher, at 20 to 6000 mSv. The inhalation dose (internal dose) for the public during the time of the accident and their evacuation from the area in what is now the 30 km evacuation zone around the plant has been estimated, based on ground deposition of caesium-137, to be between 3 and 150 mSv. The global collective dose from Chernobyl was earlier estimated by UNSCEAR in 1988 to be "600,000 man Sv, equivalent on average to 21 additional days of world exposure to natural background radiation." Dose to the general public within 30 km of the plant The report estimated a further 25% more exposure would be received from residual radioisotopes after 2005. In a 2009 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) study, the Chernobyl accident had by 2005 caused 61,200 man- Sv of radiation exposure to recovery workers and evacuees, 125,000 man-Sv to the populace of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, and a dose to most other European countries amounting to 115,000 man-Sv. Each step up the scale indicates a tenfold increase in radiation level. Radiation effects on humans Radiation exposure to first responders at Chernobyl in comparison to a range of situations, from normal activities up to nuclear accident. The economic damage caused by the disaster is estimated at $235 billion. ![]() This is partly because the isotopes released at Chernobyl tended to be longer-lived than those released by the detonation of atomic bombs. The work of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), suggests that the Chernobyl incident cannot be directly compared to atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons by simply saying that it's better or worse. As of 2022, it was the world's largest known release of radioactivity into the environment. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes. The estimated number of deaths from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster A map showing caesium-137 contamination in the Chornobyl area in 1996
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